Criminal Invesigations Essay Example for Free

Criminal Invesigations EssayThe purpose of this research paper is to describe the role, voice, nature and responsibility of the criminal tec. The Methods Used and the Interpretation of the battle array of Physical Evidence and Understanding of the Sources of Information get outing be explained within this paper. The Role, Function, Nature and Responsibility of the Criminal Investigator The criminal investigator has specific roles and function within their organization. The duty of a execration shaft investigator is to try to assemble and bring together multiple events, information, and interpretations of a discourtesy scene to consecrate it one big picture. Based on physical evidence, testimonies of eyes witnesses, suspects, and the victim he leave behind create scenery to figure out what has happened. He or she is creating a hypothesis in what happen before the crime scene occurred and later. All evidence found in all cases by the investigator has entire understandi ng and knowledge of it in order to be an effective investigator (Physical Evidence).The mentality of an investigator has to have interest, observative, and have the ability to write down everything that is passage on. While on a crime scene he or she provide notice what is wrong in the crime scene. For instance, the investigator notices that everything in a home is taken out and thrown on the floor in which the investigator can tell the crime scene is a burglary. In the inquiring world, not only each individual investigator learns from each case they take up but from each different. While learning from each other they have to be opened minded and have doubt in order not to interfere with the facts of the case. The job of a criminal investigator has richly levels of critical thinking (Police). The Methods Used and the Interpretation of the Collection of Physical Evidence When the investigator is called onto a crime scene they have a lot of mildew to gather and process. The firs t initiative officer will turn the crime scene over to them.The investigator might be also in broadcast of giving out press information based on the crime scene. The first thing that they might observe is the possible of the scene being dirty by the officers who arrived their initially. The crime scene must be organized, and controlled using the proper methods so that the suspect of the crime scene may be successfully captured (Police).. The investigator will meet with the lead detective and the first responding officer on scene. He or she will interview them the two people on information pertaining to the scene. The investigator will get an understanding on what happened, when it happened, and how the crime occurred. The information received, the investigator will combine his information with theirs and distinguish a logical stopping point of what happen in the crime scene. The gathered information as if you were a judge to see if the facts and evidence will meet will support the deduction of the scene (Police).The process of the crime scene investigation is when they receive a call to go to a crime scene. When you arrive at the scene, you will make a list of what is required for this particular crime. Every crime scene is different. As crime scene investigator, you will consider to have enough practice of law officers protecting the crime scene and yourself. The officer will have to make sure that no one who is not authorizes to enter the premises stays out. The responding officer or a designated person would be the recorder keeper of authorize personal who enter the crime scene. They would have to write down their name, ID number, date, time, and what department (Police). The crime scene investigator will start to take photographs from the outside. The will take pictures of the entire argona. All angles will be necessary from across, behind, on top, and bottom of the crime scene. Pictures will be taken of the street names, numbers, the street itself , vehicles, and street light posts.The more pictures taken the more evidence you have. Every picture taken should be accounted. A log will be helpful of keeping account of the pictures, what camera, lens and film being used. If motion picture camera is used that is also should be logged into the log sheet. In addition, you may want to write down who had access to photos or video other than the crime scene investigator (Physical Evidence). Now, the crime scene investigator will take note on any damages or any property taken on the outside. All evidence will be taken into photography. Photography will be taken from all angles, close-up and from a distance. Any mark numbers and letters must be indicate in the one area and be able to fit in one photograph. Next, Diagrams will be made of the crime scene and where the evidence was found. Triangular, rectangular, and baseline diagrams will be made to show a rough measurement of where everything happened.The investigator is al ways to re member to record location, measurements, and the person who collected the information. The investigator will now move inside the premises of the crime area. The investigator has to make sure he has proper approval and if necessary a search warrant. When incoming the premises, you may want to wear protective gear so that you will not contaminate the evidence. Protective gear may complicate gloves, head and raiment covers, jumpsuit, and a mask. When looking for evidence inside the area, avoid the place where you think the suspect has moved around. The investigator will have less cross contaminant on the evidence. Area where the investigator will base on balls will be around the edges not of the middle of the scenery. They will take notice on the first appearance point and exit point of the suspect.They will make sure other detectives or investigators in the crime scene to walk in certain paths to not contaminate the crime scene (Police). The crime scene investigator will logicall y take photographs as he did outside into the interior of the crime scene. They will work either in the same direction or opposite direction in working the crime scene. The crime scene investigator will do the same procedures in all crime scenes. When taking photographs, the investigator will take photographs in a three dimensional way. Photographs will be taken of the floors, walls, and ceilings. Everything must be visible for evidence by taking photos of the four walls. One angle might not be enough to show the evidence needed. Multiple angles must be taken.With all the photos taken, the investigator will make a diagram of the crime scene. It is good to point out the major details of the crime scene such as furniture, entry and exit points, and the victim. Another way of recording evidence is through video camera. Taking video must be only of crucial video of the crime scene. It may be easier to take video in fifteen second intervals. The investigator will also take video from a ll angle of the crime scene. After they are done collecting evidence, they will go make another walk through to make sure no missing evidence pertaining to the crime scene. Collaboration with other crime scene investigators and detectives will be done to tell all evidence has been collected.Understanding of the Sources of InformationIn the line of an investigator, getting enough information is critical. Information can be from physical evidence, the crime scene, interviewing, and interrogations. consultation and interrogations are very different. Interviews are further to gather information of the crime. An interrogation is getting information based on the suspect being involved. An investigator need to know the difference so that the person being interviewed or interrogated will know if they in custody or being asked a few questions. deuce key ways of getting information will be witnesses, and interviews (Berg).WitnessesA witness will help out a lot while investigating. When int erviewing, there are ten basic steps. The steps are plan ahead, arrange for privacy, identify yourself properly, assemble case facts in advance, have an intentional direction, be timely, avoid interruptions, be a good listener, adjust language level, pace, and demeanor as necessary, and maintain sonorousness throughout the interview.There are many types of witness which may include willing witnesses, eyewitnesses, reluctant witnesses, silent or disinterested witnesses, unreliable witnesses, frightened witnesses, biased witness, hostile witnesses, timid witnesses and deceitful witnesses. An investigator may also cut across with people of many different ages. The investigator will have to identify these witnesses, and if they are children, young adults, or mature adults. They will have different methods on the way they try to receive information and if the information is valid (Berg).InterviewsAt first, a rapport will be made by the investigator. A rapport is a relationship between the officer and the one being interview knowing theirs empathy. An interview may not exactly occur right after the crime due to the anxiety from the situation. Time is needed before interviewing. It has to be a respectful interview and listening very closely. There two ways to interview a person cognitive and behavioral analysis. Cognitive interview is reconstructing the circumstances, reporting all information, recalling events in different orders, and changing perspectives. Behavioral analysis is just identifying the person body language to the truth (Berg).ConclusionIn conclusion, criminal investigation is a long process of collecting information. They have the most important job. The process of collecting information is extensive. It is critical for them to collect all evidence so that the suspect may be apprehended and justice shall be served when in the court system. Information may be either through physical evidence, interviews, or witnesses (Berg).Works CitedBerg, Bruce L., John J. Horgan, and John J. Horgan. Criminal Investigation. New York, NY Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 1998. Print. Physical Evidence. Enotes.com. Enotes.com, n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. http//www.enotes.com/physical-evidence-reference/physical-evidence. Police Criminal Investigations Sources Of Information And Evidence In Criminal Investigations. Physical, Crime, Polygraph, and Witnesses. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Oct. 2012. http//law.jrank.org/pages/1656/Police-Criminal-Investigations-Sources-information-evidence-in-criminal-investigations.html.

Roman Lnadmarks Essay Example for Free

Roman Lnadmarks EssayThe landmarks created during the Roman Empire did not only signify capital of Italys culture, but also presentn its strength and technological advances. The Colosseum and the aqueducts show how technologically and economically advance Rome was. Not only this, the Coloseum and many aqueducts survive to show that Romes architecture are not only a feats of engineering but portals to one of histories superlative empires.The Roman aqueducts played a alert role in the empire. They supplied fresh water for Romes citizens. while several(prenominal) eighteen aqueducts brought fresh water to Romes major cities. The aqueducts, some of which delivered well over forty million gallons of water per day to a single site, (Fiero, 73). The aqueducts not only brought water, they were technological wonders. The city of Nimes in France had a twenty-five mile long aqueduct. The aqueducts were made possible by the role of arches. The Romans employed the structural advantages of the arch (the knowledge of which they inherited from the Etruscans) to enclose greater volumes of uninterrupted seat than any previously known, ( 73). This made long distance aqueducts possible, thus making a constantly watered and clean empire.The Colosseum was one Romes greatest architectural achievement in its history. The Colossuem brought entertainment through violence to the populace. What made it an architectural achievement was the fact such a commodious building was reinforced and well maintained over centuries of abuse. What made this durability and endurance was the invention of concrete. Roman building techniques reveal a confederacy of practicality and innovation The Romans were the first to use concrete (an aggregate of sand, lime, brick-and-stone rubble, and water), a medium that made possible cheap large scale construction, (74).Concretes combination of durability and economics made building a bodily structure of that size (holding up to 50,000 spectators) pos sible. Not only was it the structures size that made it an architectural achievement was that it was well decorated and designed. The ingenious combination of arch and post-and-lintel structural elements in the design of the Colosseum would be widely imitated for centuries, and especially in the Italian Renaissance, (75). The Colosseum itself was decorated with bronze, plaster, marble, and tile, making the Colloseum not only a well-built structure but an aesthetically presentable one. Thus making the Colloseum an architectural icon and crowning landmark in Rome for many years to come.The landmarks in Rome not only show the power and glory of Rome, but pave the way into the future of architecture. Concrete and arches set forth the building block of massive structures that could last for thousands of years. The Colloseum and the aqueducts are not only marvels of engineering, but icons that signify that Rome was once a great empire.Works citedFiero, Gloria K. Landmarks in Humanities 3r d Ed, capital of MassachusettsMcGraw Hill, 2012. Print

Spoil the Parenting Essay Example for Free

Spoil the P arnting EssayIn the essay entitled Spare the Rod, Spoil the Parenting, Pitts argues that the traditional, sweeping concept about corporal punishment is no longer acceptable, maintaining that the minor punishment like spanking or swatting the butt of children should be distinguished from the harsher punishments such as the shaking and blows to the head or face. In effect, he does not agree with the idea that all corporal or bodily punishments, notwithstanding their severity, should be considered de facto child abuse (Pitts). He presented several reasons wherefore a reasonable corporal punishment like spanking should not be considered child abuse. First, he argued that spanking should not be equated with stomping, punching, or scalding because they are simply not the same. Second, according to him, it has never been proven with certainty that spanking, as previously claimed by some, leads to mentally unstable children. As a matter of fact, Pitts cited the pick up cond ucted by Dr. Diana Baumrind of the University of California which refuted this argument.Third, the suggestion that parents should resort to negotiation instead of applying reasonable corporal punishment is just not feasible because a five-year-old, for instance, would rather saturnalia than talk things over. harmonize to him, negotiating with a child accomplishes nothing more than propping up the childs self-esteem which leads him or her to the dangerous belief that he or she is in charge (Pitts).Pitts considered spanking a corrective measure which should be applied in order of battle to let the child know who is in charge. According to him, when parents fail in this role, children grow up without respect for adult authority. He explained that history is replete with horror stories involving persons who grew up in such an environment. However, he concur with those who oppose spanking or corporal punishment, per se, when they say that corporal punishment is not a panacea or a cure -all solution for misbehaving children. He clarified that child-rearing does not only require discipline, but also humor, love and some luck.In the end, Pitts urges parents to take charge, declare a benign dictatorship as our culture dictates. The alternative, he says, are children poisoned by self-esteem and self-centered adults ill-equipped to deal with the vagaries and reversals of life (Pitts).Work CitedPitts, Leonard, Jr. Spare the Rod, Spoil the Parenting. Attachment to order 71157717.

Impact of Community Engagement on Urban Planning: Case Study

Impact of Community Engagement on Urban Planning Case interpretCase Study Johor Bahru (Iskandar, Malaysia)Essay TopicHow do the social, environmental, economic and political processes observed within your chosen case-study city interplay with each other, producing distinct spatial sequels and liberal rise to specific supply policy issues and receipts?INTRODUCTIONJohor Bahru (Iskandar Malaysia), is the main development corridor in the res publica of Johor, Malaysia which has been established on 30 July 2006 and administered by Iskandar Regional information Authority (IRDA). The location of Iskandar Malaysia is perfect as south-central Johor has always been a strategic and weighty area in the history and development of Malaysia and its surroundings. Today, this well modify economy, built around Johors capital, Johor Bahru, and its surrounding areas, has made South Johor Malaysias the second most important metropolitan.Johor Bahru is well connected with its outlaying urban ce ntres and residential townships, in particular Pasir Gudang, Tebrau, Tampoi, Skudai and Kempas, as it is surrounded by Jalan Lingkaran Tengah (Inner-Ring Road). It is also a major employment and financial service centre serving its hinterland.This analyze will initiatory look into the definition of community engagement in urban planning and subsequently it will examines the effectiveness of community engagement regarding the approaches in urban planning and development process, specially looking at the development of Johor Bahru (Iskandar Malaysia) Transformation Programs, as the case study.Southern Johor has been able to leverage on its proximity to an international hub and the queen-sized markets of Singapore and Indonesia, as well as China and India. It has developed successful clusters around electronics, logistics, food and agriculture, tourism, as well as oil and petrochemicals industries. Moreover, Johor has a adequate supply of natural resources and human capital, which will continue to underscore its future prospects.THE INTERACTIONThe purpose of this integrated synthesis essay is to demonstrate an understanding of the interplay in the midst of the quad types of processes you studied in the Pillars of Planning module within the same city. Which processes seem to do been dominant in shaping the development trajectory of the city over the past decades and at present? What linkages, tensions and contradictions exist between the four different types of dynamics?The state of Johor is our countrys second most important conurbation thanks to its strategic location that is close to the thriving markets of Singapore and Indonesia, and in the centre of some of the worlds busiest routes. On top of that, it is generous with natural and human resources.In recent years, however, Johor has been facing increasing competition for capital, human resources and ideas, proliferated by globalisation and advancement of technology. In 2005, the Federal Government and the Johor State Government decided to adopt a more digested and developmental approach to the South Johor region. The aim was to leverage on the regions strengths, including competitively priced land, strategic geographic location, industrial base and connectivity as well as its cost structure, while ensuring that Johoreans continue to enjoy its social cohesion.Based on the fundamental objectives set up for the region, Iskandar Malaysia will-Be international the centre of transportation, information, quality living, culture, shopping and tourism-Have sustainability environmental objectives are, and will be, given equal favor to economic and social objectives-Focus on promoting development within the identified fruit boundary, development corridors and the active urban footprint-Have economic growth driven by identified blusher economic clusters concentrated at identified growth nodes.Based on these principles, the Comprehensive cultivation Plan for South Johor Economic Reg ion 2006-2025 (CDP) will have the following features-Ensure the rights of the Federal and State Governments under the Federal Constitution are preserved, specifically Johors innate rights on land matters.-Emphasise on sustainable development, conservation of the environment and equitable distribution of the benefits of growth among the local population.-The creation of a one-stop fast continue mechanism agency where Federal and State Government agencies will work seamlessly to provide a facilitative environment for investors and consumers.-The creation of an investor-friendly environment by facilitation of matters cerebrate to immigration, education, tax and land as well as close liaison with local authorities.The masterplan will also address some of the key risks that have hampered regional development in the past, including uncoordinated and duplicative development, excessive speculation of value of private assets and potential marginalisation of the local population.ISKANDAR M ALAYSIA COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLANSecondly, the synthesis essay should briefly consider how this interplay between these processes produces distinct spatial outcomes or policy issues, which are dealt by particular policy responses (planning or otherwise). A spatial outcome can be a specific spatial issue or problem housing shortage, transport congestion, socio-spatial segregation, environmental degradation, urban violence etc Examples of policy responses should focus on spatial planning, urban and territorial development policies. How do planning interventions and policies try to address those spatial problems, or mediate between the tensions which arise from the four types of dynamics?Try to stand back from your previous work, and look at the bigger picture think of the four pillars as a whole and what they have taught you about your case-study city. A good way to get started about the essay is to imagine you have a guest who comes to visit your city and who knows a sting abou t planning and spatial development, but knows absolutely nothing about the city in question. How would you summarize to him/her in 5 minutes what are the key factors, processes and actors which have shaped the urban development of that city? What are the most important problems and issues which planners have to deal with at present? How has government responded to that?In the past, Johor has often times played second fiddle to its more prominent neighbour, Singapore but this is expected to change with Iskandar Malaysia and the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP). Johor Bahru City oculus (JBCC) to play an important role and has been identified as one of the five catalyst development areas in the Regional Land Use Framework Plan. under the Iskandar Malaysia development plans, the administrative centre for Johor state has been moved to Kota Iskandar from Johor Bahru, allowing the capital city to focus on its role as a transportation hub and the major access into Johor from Singapor e.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, even though the community engagement has an overwhelming response in the western countries such as the United Kingdom, but the response in Malaysia, especially in Johor Bahru is very low. Simultaneously, the government should create more awareness to the local community to raise their interest to participate in urban planning and development processes. Apart from that, the government also needs to explore a much easier approach facilitate the local community to indirectly learn in the planning process in Malaysia. The community engagement approach should be seen in a wider context, and must not only involve the existing approach that has been set in the planning guidelines, but the government also needs to explore new approaches to spread the awareness among the local community.ReferencesAykroyd, V.R. 2012. Exploring Social Media (Facebook and Twitter) as a Public Participation Tool for Design and Planning. Thesis (MLA) The University of Guelph.Baker, S. 2006. Sustainable Development. Oxon RoutledgeBryer, T.A. 2012. Identifying a Model for Effective Public Participation Using Social Media in Urban Infrastructure Projects. online. Available from http//drbryer.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/identifying-a-model-for-effective-public-participation-using-social-media_remarks-for-amsterdam1.pdf Accessed 31 March 2014.Chief Minister of Johor. 2013. Chief Minister of Johor Facebook Page Transformasi Bandaraya Johor Bahru. online. Available from https//www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.10151556097393173.1073741833.48750023172type=3 Accessed 31 March 2014.Government of Malaysia. 2007. Town and Country Planning Act 2007 (Act 1312). Kuala Lumpur JPBD (Federal Department of Town and Country Planning).Hashim, H. Abdullah, R. G. 2009. Penglibatan Komuniti Dalam Program Pembangunan Luar Bandar Kajian Kes di Pusat Pertumbuhan Desa Gedong, Sarawak. Akademika, 77(12), pp.41-67.Ho, C.S., et al. 2013. Year 2012/2013 Annual Report the Project for Developmen t of Low Carbon Society Scenarios for Asian Regions. Johor Bahru UTM Low Carbon Asia Re seem Center.IRDA (Iskandar Regional Development Authority). 2014. Iskandar Malaysia. Johor Bahru IRDA.JPBD (Federal Department of Town and Country Planning Peninsular Malaysia). 2010. discipline Physical Plan-2. Kuala Lumpur JPBD.Malaysia Law. 2002. Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172). Kuala Lumpur International Law Book Services.Mansbridge, J. 1999. On the idea that participation makes better citizens. In Elkin, S. L. Soltan, K. E., eds. Citizen Competence and participatory Institutions. Pennsylvania The Pennsylvania State University Press, pp. 291-325.Masram, H. 1996. Pencapaian fungsi rancangan tempatan Kes kajian Rancangan Tempatan Tampoi, Kempas dan Larkin. Skudai UTM.Mohamad, J. 2004. Meningkatkan keberkesanan penyertaan awam dalam rancangan tempatan. Kawasan kajian Batu Pahat, Johor. Skudai UTM.Omar, D. Oliver Ling H.L. 2009. Malaysian Development Planning System Kuala Lumpu r Structure Plan and Public Participation. Asian Social Science, 5(3), pp.30-36.Othman, M. S. 2000. Penyediaan Garis Panduan Perlaksanaan Kerajaan Elektronik (E-Goverment) dari Perpektif Meningkatkan Penglibatan Orang Awam (Public Participation) di dalam Proses Rancangan Tempatan. Kawasan Kajian Daerah Sentral, Johor Bahru. Skudai UTM.Rydin, Y. 2011. The settle of Planning Creating sustainable towns and cities. Bristol The Policy Press.Shirky, C. 2011. The Political Power of Social Media Technology, The Public Sphere, And Political Change. . online. Available from http//www.cc.gatech.edu/beki/cs4001/Shirky.pdf Accessed 31 March 2014.Strange, T. Bayley, A. 2008. Sustainable Development Linking economy, society, environment. France OECD Publishing.Tweet. Results for JBtransformation. online. Available from https//twitter.com/search?q=JBtransformationsrc=typdmode=photos Accessed 31 March 2014.WCED (UN World Commission on Environment and Development). 1987. Our Common Future Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Switzerland WCED.

Native American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay

native American Healing And livelinessuality Religion EssayIt is a long held belief that Native Americans migrated to the Americas from northeast Asia, hundreds of years before Europeans arrived. Their culture and religion travelled along with them and were further developed and transformed over time according to the environment and neighbourhood in which they fin whollyy settled. Together we will examine almost of the different uncanny and religious beliefs and healing techniques that have remarkably withstood the test of time.In innovative European and American cultures, examining both healing and spirituality would result in a rather broad spectrum. But in conventional Native American culture that many still honor today, healing and religion be very much hand in hand. To heal the body, one must simultaneously heal the soul. All healing ceremonies begin with prayer and are led by a medicine man. We will refer to healers in general as healers rather than medicine men or wome n simply because there are far too many terms in different languages and nations that would in some way translate into medicine men or women.In different Native American cultures, healers do much more than just heal. They are the spiritual leaders of their people. To an English speaker, a medicine is something used to treat disease or enhance well-being. Native Americans accept this definition, but in the context of traditional culture, the word medicine has a much broader and richer meaning. Medicine means the presence and place embodied in or demonstrated by a person, a place, an event, an object, or a natural phenomenon (Cohen, 2003, p. 27, para. 5).Healing and religion, in traditional terms, is deeply rooted in the natural world. Nature itself has incredible healing powers. From the many trees, plants, and grow that are important curative ingredients, to the simple practice of offering along and reveling in the beauty of the tremendous gift our Great Creator has given us, it is each(prenominal) good medicine. In fact, the practice of walking amongst nature and allowing your spirit to communicate with nature has a name it is called, walking the truth. Walking the truth means to walk a spiritual path through life and remaining in motion that is, realizing that spirituality is dynamic rather than passive. The spiritual person does not analyse in a cave waiting for enlightenment. Instead, he or she values what Tibetan Buddhists call meditation in action, a spirituality that is fully act with life (Cohen, 2003, p.92).There is also another reason for walking with nature, to locate and obtain herbs, plants, and roots that aid in the healing of common ailments. For instance, if you come mess with a stomach ache, you might try chewing some pine resin. Or if your child develops Thrash, try boiling some bark from a persimmon tree and using the infusion to wash his or her mouth (Speck, 1944). There are hundreds, perhaps thousands of natural remedies that have been used for thousands of years by autochthonous peoples. They may sound absolutely absurd to a modern physician, but one must respect the fact that there is a reason for their act use they workAnother important concept in Native American healing and religion is finding and understanding your own spirit and acquiring oriented in the realm of the sacred. The sacred hoop and the four winds represent everything in the natural world. Think about all of things in nature that are spherical in shape the sky, clouds, stars, the sun, the moon, rain drops, snowflakes, and even nests of birds. The evolution of life itself begins, comes full circle, and in the end the spirit goes back to where it came from.The four winds represent the power of nature. The power of wind can move, at will, all other basic divisors of nature. The four winds are also indicative of breath. We humans, and a lot of other creatures, cannot drop dead without it but for a few minutes. In medicine wheels, the four wi nds are represented by the four directions north, south, east, and wolfram. Each direction represents qualities that contribute to spiritual health and harmony. East represents birth, new beginnings, spiritual renewal and development. The south represents growth and youthful energy. The seeds that are planted in the east come to bloom in the south. The tungsten represents the autumn of life and is a place of spiritual vision and transformation. We stand facing west to give thanks to the Great Spirit for all the blessings of life. The west is also where we prepare for the sacred journey the journey our body stockpiles back to Mother Earth and the journey of our spirit back to the Great Creator or Spirit. North is the direction of wisdom and old age. North is where we examine all of lifes struggles and challenges. We focus on the wisdom of coming full circle with life, the lessons of this world and the cleanse of impurities created by it, all in preparation for the next world.Jus t as medicine wheels are located in places considered sacred, all healing must establish place in a setting that is conducive to healing. Blessing and smudging are essential in making the home or setting where healing is to take place ready. Smudging is taking the ash of foliage such as cedar or sage and rubbing a small amount on all participants of a healing ceremony. Smoke from the burning foliage is allowed to spread through the reach and also waved over the heads of the participants. The smoke and scent is believed to help purify the topographic point of toxic and negative energy, feelings, thoughts, and spirits. The smell of nature also invites and welcomes healing power and positive energy. Not all plants are intended for smudging and they vary by tribe. agree to Milne and Howard(2000, p. 545, para. 3) Ceremonies may address specific illness and life problems, or they may be prophylactic they may be intended to ameliorate the cause of suffering, or they may be intended to e nhance health, the quality of social relationships, and financial well-being. Praying and chanting is an important ingredient in religious ceremonies as well as healing ceremonies. In traditional Native American, praying begins and ends each and every day. Praying with friends and family is done regularly. Praying heals the spirit and strengthens ones faith. Healing chants are usually performed by close family members who have poised around a loved one who is seriously ill. Chants are also performed during meditation sessions, pipe ceremonies, and in sweat lodges.Sweat lodges, or purification lodges, are one of the oldest of Native American ceremonies. The sweat lodge is a place of physical and spiritual purification and an occasion to commune with the great forces of nature-earth, water, fire, and air-and the Great Spirit who created them (Cohen, 2003). Participants sweat away illness, pollution and negative thoughts and energy. According to Cohen (2003, p. 257, para. 4), The cere mony is generally divided into four rounds, after each of which the door flap is briefly unresolved to let unneeded forces out and to allow refreshing energy in. Many attend a sweat lodge ceremony on a every week basis. It is a place of incredible spiritual rebirth and mental and emotional clarity.In recent years, medical anthropologists have taken a closer feel at the traditional medicinal practices of Native Americans, how those practices interact with modern medicine in the United States, and how they are perceived and used by Native Americans. nonpareil project that has made incredible strides into understanding these differences is called the Navajo Healing Project. One of the most striking ways in which this complexity is evident is in the large area of Navajo life in which religion and spirituality are intimately entwined with health care and healing. Indeed, healing is the central theme of Navajo religion, while the sacred is the central element in Navajo medicine. Just as Navajos orient themselves geographically within a territory defined by four sacred mountains aligned with the four of import points, today they orient themselves medically in a field of vital interaction among four modes of healing conventional biomedicine, Traditional Navajo healing, Native American church service (NAC) healing, and Navajo Christian faith healing (Csordas, 2000, p.463, para. 1).Happiness has always been and will always be the best medicine. While modern physicians focus on the battle for the be restored to an illness, native healers feel that it is best for the patient to focus on the positives in ones life-family, love, spiritual health-all the things that bring pure blessedness to us all. Native healers realize that joy of life is the best medicine and patients should keep their attention drawn towards the gift of life and not towards the repercussions of particular indulgences. It is true that some things are not authentically healthy but focusing inward and listening to our inner spirit and letting it guide us is the best way to stay healthy and golden maybe that is the reason the Great Spirit gave us twice as many ears as mouths. Listening is the key to wisdom and understanding. If only we could merge the honorable values of Native American healers with the technology and science of modern medicine, we might discover a deeper sense of healing and stronger medicine for all people.

A Walk in the Woods: Rediscovering America | Book Review

A Walk in the Woods Rediscovering the States Book ReviewA Walk in the Woods Rediscovering America on the Appalachian TrailA Walk in the Woods Rediscovering America on the Appalachian Trail, a novel by Bill Bryson takes you by means of the journey of a man looking to connect with more then just his local environment, but explore nature and go where many do not dare to go. Although Bryson does not touch forevery single mile he wishes to, at the end of his journey he fulfills more then ever imagined.Bryson creates a esthesis of place in a variety of different ways. Brysons feelings towards his preparations for the Appalachian Trail give us a better understanding of the sense of place. Are you saying, Dave, that I pay $250 for a pack and it doesnt have straps and it isnt water proof? Does it have a bottom in it? (Bryce, 10). Bryce heads to his local sporting goods memory to talk with an expert on the reside. Dave Mengle tells Bryce he moldiness purchase sleeping bags, boots, tents, thermal clothing, cook sets, and packs. We can infer that the trail is not simple and requires previous preparation in order to assure ones safety. Bryce begins to realize that this task may not be as easy as he thought and must prepare for any dangerous encounters he may face with nature.We get a more clear view of the sense of place and began to see the environment that Bryce encounters when they enter what seems to be his favorite part of the trip so far, the Shenandoah National Park. He enjoys the lively scenery which includes grouse, deer, owls, and turkeys. Not to mention the easier terrain, this being their favorite part. However, not every animal encounter is pleasant. Bryson remarks, I think I have a right to be a trifle alarmed, pardon me. Im in the woods, in the middle of nowhere, in the dark, staring at a bear, with a guy who has nothing to defend himself with but a pair of nail clippers. (Bryson, 142). Bryson becomes fearful when he hears an animal in their cam, but th is quickly fades when he realizes that the bear only wishes to drink from a nearby stream.As Bryson says, It was a miracle, I swear to God. comely when I was about to lie down and give myself to the wolves and bobcats, I look up and theres a white blaze on a tree and I look down and Im standing on the AT. (Bryson, p. 266) We can conclude that towards the end of the novel a final connection was made between Bryson and Mother Nature. Although Bryson didnt have sex every step of the 2,200-mile trail he realized that this is not necessary in order to get the fulfillment he desired before seen offset his journey through the Appalachian Trail.First, Bryson demonstrates human-environment interaction when he must quickly learn to adapt to his environment and knows that this is necessary in order for him to begin his lift down the Appalachian Trail. One of the more clear themes is location of the story which takes place on the Appalachian Trail. The AT is a marked hiking trail in the eas tern United States, extending between Springer Mountain in Georgia and Mount Katahdin in Maine. Brysons new location to Hanover, New Hampshire gives him the urge to begin traveling the trail after coming across part of the trail. There were many landmarks throughout Brysons journey to demonstrate place. Springer Mountain is the southern trailhead of the AT. Amicalola fall Lodge is seven miles from their starting point at Springer Mountain in northern Georgia. While they are still in northern Georgia, the trail takes Bryson and Katz over a narrow ledge along Big Butt Mountain. Finally, Bishop Boarding House welcomes Bryson and Katz as they emerge from the Maine woods. Mrs. Bishop assures them that the woods will still be there if they decide to try again.

THE SELLING OF ORGANS: RIGHT OR WRONG :: Ethical Issues, Human Organs

IIntroductionAll homosexuals have reed organs. The organ is very important to the humans because without organ humans will non be able to live well. At present, there are many actions that are done by irresponsible plenty to snitch organs. Organ sales cases occur when a person sells or transfers an organ from one body to another body for the purpose of replacing the pass catchers damaged organ. There are thousands of passel dying to buy a kidney, and thousands of people dying to sell a kidney because of the lack of organs availability. Lives should not be wasted, they should be saved. Indirectly, there are many reasons why they sell the organs, where the organs mostly sold to and consequences of selling human organs.IIBodyAMost of the countries have organ selling issues from poor people to rich people and from less powerful people to the most powerful people.1The coarse that sell the most number of organs is India and has become one of the largest country for human org ans selling and transplants in the world.aPoor people in India usually sell their organs while they are still alive (Scheper-Hughes, 1998, para. 7).bIndia hospitals are under investigation by the government because of the illegal organ sales (Carney, 2007, para. 4).2People use the body for their own benefit but they cannot change the other bodies for its own interests.aPeople agree to sell their organs because of their benefit.iPoor families are desperate to send their son to University (Maconachy, 2007, para. 4).iiMost parents want their daughters to marry will be collecting notes for a dowry to the groom and they had to sell their organs to make the exchange.BPeople usually sell their organs in an underground market for human organ around the world that is called blackmarket (Maconachy, 2007, para.1).1Most the donors came from middle class family whos searching clients via the internet. (Maconachy, 2007, para.3).aThey find the client from specific sites where most of people pos ted organ selling on that websites.bThe meeting can arranged if the client agree to go through the procedure.cAccording to Kenichiro Hokamura, he was faced two choice whether to wait for the transplant or buy organ on the internet.iHe buys the organ from Japanese broker in China and get the new kidney two months later(Coonan & McNell, 2006, para. 2).2In China, the government is trying to strike down the black market (Coonan & McNell, 2006, para.