Criticality and Creativity

Individuality is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs or goals. Individualism promote the exercise of one’s goals and desires thus one values independence and self reliance while opposing external interference upon one’s own interests by society and institutions such as the Government. Liberty is the ability of individuals to have control over their own actions.John Stuart Mill a philosopher, on his article Liberty under the chapter of Individuality as One of the element well-being has made an imperative that that human beings should be free to form opinions, and to express their opinions without reserve. This is of beneficial consequences to the intellectual, and through that to the moral nature of man, unless this liberty is either conceded, or asserted in spite of prohibition. He recognized the difference between liberty as the freedom to act and liberty as the absence of coercion.Indivi duals should be given the chances to come up with opinions or ideas and be allowed to express them without been stopped. For example the Government should not refuse an individual to put into action their new ideas but should rather motivate them. It should not stop them because it thinks it can do better than them but should facilitate the idea by providing the necessities such as fund and freedom. Individuals can come up with opinions or ideas that may benefit them but at the same time impose a problem to others.The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited; he/she must not make himself a nuisance to other people. But if he refrains from molesting others in what concerns them, and merely acts according to his own inclination and judgment in things which concern himself, the same reasons which show that opinion should be free, prove also that he should be allowed, without molestation, to carry his opinions into practice at his own cost.When individuals are given the freedo m to come up with new ideas and exploit them, it encourages them to want to come up with better ideas, learn from their experiences thus promoting their creativity and developing criticality in them. The human faculties of perception, judgment, discriminative feeling, mental activity, and even moral preference, are exercised only in making a choice. He who does anything because it is the custom, makes no choice. He gains no practice either in discerning or in desiring what is best.The mental and moral, like the muscular powers, are improved only by being used. The faculties are called into no exercise by doing a thing merely because others do it, no more than by believing a thing only because others believe it. If the grounds of an opinion are not conclusive to the person's own reason, his reason cannot be strengthened, but is likely to be weakened, by him adopting it and if the inducements to an act are not affected by, or rights of others are not concerned, it is so much done towa rds rendering his feelings and character inert and torpid, instead of active and energetic.This is because originality is a valuable element in human affairs. There is always need of persons not only to discover new truths, and point out when what were once truths are true no longer, but also to commence new practices, and set the example of more enlightened conduct, and better taste and sense in human life.

Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry

Relationship between algal cover and water chemistry in rockroses Mad Mukluks Mad Midair ABSTRACT Interstitial Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover.Each pool sample's water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It i s regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012).Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each interstitial matrix (Phenylalanine's, 2007). High interstitial zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen & Taylor, 2001). Interstitial Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen & Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses.These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH v alue, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987).However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012).According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the loca tion of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Nowhere (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses.The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration.I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature.METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an aver age depth.The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method.Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity w as measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperatureThe temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings.It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (US) Relationship between algae and tidepool chemistry Relationship between algal cover and water chemistry in rockroses Mad Mukluks Mad Midair ABSTRACT Interstitial Rockford is one of the harshest environment in marine ecosystem. Most of the organisms living in it has to have adoptions to survive in harsh conditions, especially algal. A research was done to see if biotic factors such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, temperature and pH value could have a significant correlation with total percentage of algal cover. Initial hypothesis was dissolved oxygen and pH value are correlated to total algal cover.Each pool sample's water hammiest were measured and tested for 2 day period. The correlation between dissolved oxygen and algal cover is weak, proving that dissolved oxygen is not fairly important, where pH value has stronger correlation than the other chemical property tested. Most of the rockroses observed has high percentage cover of coralline algal. INTRODUCTION Rocky shore are coastal shores that are consists of hard substrates. It i s regarded as the most ecological part of the marine system (Library et al, 2012).Rocky shore has three zone; low, mid and high with variety of communities living on each interstitial matrix (Phenylalanine's, 2007). High interstitial zone has rockroses and go to several months without being replenished from the seawater (McAllen & Taylor, 2001). Interstitial Rockford have a relative stable environment where that has few changes in terms of physical conditions when the water reaches low tide (Kemp, 2009). Both McAllen & Taylor (2001) and Berkshire et al (1987) stated that rockroses undergoes many extreme physic-chemical conditions and few organisms are able to live in rockroses.These biotic factors have a significant influence in community dynamics and population (Theatrical, 2002). Thus, it has large abundance of specialized tax vying in rockroses, such as algae (Murals, 2013). The water chemistry of rockroses fluctuates rapidly when low tide, particularly oxygen concentration, pH v alue, temperature and salinity. Temperature and salinity is important for algae, whereas oxygen concentration and pH value is produced by algae. Oxygen is important to all living organism and the availability of oxygen in rockroses is low, which can lead to hypoxia to organisms living in it (Berkshire et al, 1987).However, high algal cover could increase the saturation level of oxygen in rockroses, but there is little research done on hyperemia on rockroses. Algae requires sunlight and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, which in return produce more oxygen in rockroses. It will also produce hydrogen, which makes the Rockford more acidic. Temperature is also important, because the temperature in rockroses is relatively higher than normal seawater temperature. Increasing temperature could affect the algae in terms of physiology and actions of algae (Library et al, 2012).According to Kemp (2009), increasing water temperature can be caused by long exposure from sunlight and also the loca tion of Rockford. In a study done by Kemp at the coast of South Africa, he water temperature in rockroses were ranging from low ICC to high ICC during peak hours. Nowhere (1998) specified that sunlight has a tremendous effect on primary production in the aquatic system in rockroses. Salinity also can affect the water chemistry of rockroses.The changing level salinity of rockroses are varied according to location and geographically and it can be caused either by input from seawater during high tide, evaporation and terrestrial runoff or rainfall (Kemp, 2009). Ended et al (2014) showed that salinity has large role in terms of species richness in rockroses. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the total algal cover is being affected by the water chemistry in rockroses during low tide. The aim of this experiment is to observe the relationships between algal cover and water chemistry, especially dissolved oxygen concentration.I expected to see high level of oxygen saturation in rockroses due to photosynthesis. I also expecting high algal cover in alkaline rockroses. Since there is few fauna living in rockroses, I do not take them as measurement in this experiment because I more interested in functional algal group. From this, I deduced a hypothesis for this experiment. The hypothesis is percentage of algal cover is positively correlated with pH value and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with salinity and temperature.METHOD Location The study site was at Cape Palliates, southern most point in North Island and the experiment ran for three days, from February 1st to February 3rd 2014. Pool sample A transect line of 50 meter was laid out across the high rocky shore and began find suitable Rockford samples. I try to locate good pools sample with pool criteria of a depth of 1 CM, area around 2-mm and the presence of algal cover per pool. I assure depth of each pool by measuring the depth 3 times at different deepest point in the pool to obtain an aver age depth.The length of the pool is measured across by a measuring tape. A total of twelve pools that quite meet the measuring criteria similar were marked at high shore in a two day period. As a reference, one pool sample from lower rocky shore was marked and measured to compare water chemistry only. After pools were marked, a CACM x CACM quadrant were put on the pool, a Perspex glass layer with 25 random points were put on top of the quadrant. The quadrant is used to measure percentage of algal cover and functional algal cover y using point intercept method.Each pool sample has it chemical properties measured on the 2nd and 3rd of February Measurement of oxygen concentration Measurement of oxygen concentration was made by using a portable oxygen measurer that is measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of salinity Measurement of Rockford salinity was made by using a refractors. The salinity w as measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of temperatureThe temperature of the Rockford was measured by using a simple thermometer twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. Measurement of pH value The pH value of the Rockford is measured using a pH meter and measured twice, one when the water reached low tide and one an hour later for a maximum exposure from the environment. However, while measuring the chemical properties of Rockford, I discovered that 5 out the 12 pool sample has geographical problems, such as drainage, constant terrestrial runoff and shadowed that will alter findings.It was decided that problem pool samples was not counted, and 7 remaining sample is used for the experiment. Statistical analysis I used ASS Enterprise Guide 5. 1 to obtain the linear regression to see the relationship between algal cover with 4 water chemistry; percentage of dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature and pH value. I also will use ASS to obtain the p-value of each correlation, regression (RE) and F ratio for each correlation. RESULTS Table 1 : measurement of water chemistry of pool sample at low tide after being exposed Pool sample pH value Temperature (co) salinity (US)

Dim Forest Bright Chimps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dim Forest Bright Chimps - Essay Example The paper "Dim Forest Bright Chimps" discusses the article of Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann. They feel puzzled by the fact that whether these differences are brought upon by genetic factors or climatic changes. The development of the skills of these monkeys seem to have deep implications for the understanding of early human behaviour. The two scientists, Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann, have studied a group of chimpanzees in their natural setting to make new discoveries about the theories of evolution. Their long term study conducted on a group of chimpanzees in the Tai National Park, in the Republic of the Ivory Coast sought to discover their primitive instincts in the sense of their food and hunting preferences. Since the chimps are primates and are at a very early stage of evolution compared to humans it is necessary that their behaviour be observed to draw conclusions about physical and biological anthropology of the humans. The topic also illustra tes the way female chimps train their youngsters to acquaint them with coordination skills required to make and utilise tools. All of this may lead to what Darwin was propounding many years ago that humans and chimps are in the same evolutionary line. The authors have referred to the works of Raymond Dart in 1953 who according to them proposed that group hunting and cooperation were key ingredients in the evolution of Homo sapiens. Although other researchers have spoken about the same instincts in the social carnivores like Lions. ... Although other researchers have spoken about the same instincts in the social carnivores like Lions and Wild dogs but the writers of this article are convinced that "that hunting cooperatively and sharing food played a central role in the drama that enabled early hominids, some 1.8 million years ago, to develop the social systems that are so typically human". 4. Did the author address any contrary evidence or the opinions/work of others that run counter the author(s) claims . According to the writers Jane Goddall observed that Gombe chimps boost their success by hunting independently but simultaneously, thereby disorganizing their prey. They have made a very different observation that Tal chimps owe their success to being organized themselves. Also they have referred to the idea that many anthropologists believe that the hunting and behavioural differences between desert and forest chimps are because of climatic changes making the dessert chimps evolve from another line than that of the forest chimps. This notion is not endorsed by the writer because he believes that these differences exist because forest hunting needed different methodology because of the very dense and dimly lit environment. 5. What were the strengths and/or weaknesses of the author(s) argument Whereas it is true that adaptability shapes behaviours of chimps, even those of humans the different genetic code of these chimps cannot be ignored. Even in humans genetics control behaviours and intelligence. So the fact that these monkeys have superior genes cannot be ignored at all. 6. What are your conclusions Do you agree or disagree with the author Why I agree with the authors because the behavioural difference between the two kinds of chimps can be

Introduction and implementation of educational programs Essay

Introduction and implementation of educational programs - Essay Example Secondly, the above-mentioned educational programs may raise the society’s understanding of the interrelation of natural and human processes and systems and how actually people influence the state of the environment both directly and indirectly. In other words, people will have the opportunity to learn about the causes and effects of their activities. For sure, the general public realizes that climate change is taking place these days because of burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and range of other destructive activities. However, not all the people perceive the fact that because of human activity, the planet is changing too fast and that it can have devastating consequences, which altogether will lead to the so-called Sixth Extinction scientist all over the world are talking today. In her article titled The Sixth Extinction?, Elizabeth Kolbert says, â€Å"People are changing the world so fast that many other species can’t cope†. Among them is the researc h conducted by Julia Lehman, Amanda Korstjens, and Robin Dunbar, in which they show that in case there are extreme changes in climate, such mammals as apes may not survive in their traditional habitat. Being aware of such specific facts means being able to get the understanding of the relation between human beings’ activities and nature and develop attitudes of appreciation and concern for the current state of environment.Finally, the introduction of educational programs may result in the development of the capacity for both personal and collective action.

Homosexuality should be socially accepted in China Essay

Homosexuality should be socially accepted in China - Essay Example 1. Lots discrimination to homosexuals is also the main reason why most of them get married to the opposite sex, this is usually not out of love but because they want to camouflage (Der Spiegel). Such marriages normally result to break ups. 2. Another reason why homosexuals get married to the opposite sex is due to fear of stigmatization. According to Chinese culture, bearing children is a sign of prestige and honor. Therefore, same sex marriages, apart from being seen as a taboo, it is also against the Chinese religion (Der Spiegel). 1. According to China’s ministry of health, the rate of homosexuals contracting Aids is becoming an issue of national concern. This is because statistics show that the rate of Aids in homosexuals is above average and keeps rising annually. This rate is almost 88% higher than the general population (Der Spiegel). 2. Apart from the ministry of health, part of the Chinese government is against the legalization of homosexuality. The government through the civil affairs department, human province, firmly stated that homosexuality was not only a violation of morals but also the spiritual civil construction (Tatlow). Although homosexuals need to be recognized and granted their civil rights, the rate at which gays and lesbians are contracting Aids is appalling and need to be given much consideration. Sine many homosexuals are married to partners of the opposite sex for fear of victimization and discrimination, the government ought to realize that those opposite sex partners are at a high risk of contracting the disease. Therefore, by legalizing homosexuality, the government will have helped minimize the rate of aids in married couples. Since foundation of the People’s Republic in 1949, homosexuals in china have undergone many horrific situations such as victimization, torture and stigmatization. Legalizing

Chemical Shale Instability & Inhibition Research Paper

Chemical Shale Instability & Inhibition - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that understanding the overall behavior of shale is the core intention of this paper. Furthermore, the discussion is also aiming at understanding various types of shale drilling fluids. This also includes the use of the drilling fluids and their composition. The other key concept explored in te discussion is the mechanism involved in the development of new shale.This essay discusses Shale can be defined as a sedimentary rock which is fine grained and is composed of mineral rich mud. The mineral composition found in this mud is variable. When discussing about shale instability and inhibition. It is prudent to note that the interaction between water and the clay like material forung within the shale is the root cause (REFF). This interaction contributes to wellbore instability which thereafter result in formation of poor gause and many other anomalies. This paper targets discussing issue related to shale instability and inhibition, challenges faced and h ow to prevent such inconvenient precisely when drilling shale. There are many types of drilling fluids that serve different purpose based on the shale being encountered. For example; the drilling fluid can be air, liquid or foam which is colloid of liquid and air (REFF). The role of the drilling mud at this point is to dissipate the heat by circulating the drilling fluids (REFF). Moreover, the drilling mud also lubricates the bits and reduces friction.

Religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Religion - Research Paper Example A shaman is an individual considered as having access to, and power in, the world of malevolent and benevolent spirits, who normally gets into a state of trance during a ritual and practices healing and divination (Kehoe 3). Rituals play a significant role in establishing and sustaining group solidarity. In totemic communities, each descent group has a plant, animal or geographical element through which they claim descent (Baldick 33). Totems are at the peak of ancestor of clans. Clan members cannot kill or devour their totem, except after one year when the clan members assembled for ceremonies in honor of the totem (Baldick 33). Totemism is a religion wherein elements of nature perform as sanctified templates for society through means of emblematic association. They express their religion by using nature as a model for society. Each and every descent cluster has a totem, which inhabits a particular niche in nature. Also, social differences echo the natural arrangement of the environment (Baldick 34). For instance, the Ahimsa of the Hindu doctrine of nonviolence (a religion that is well known to practice Totemism) forbids the murdering of animals. Finally, totems express their religions through intimate association of friendship and defense between an individual and a natural object or a specific animal (at times, between an individual and different species of animals); the natural object can offer unique power to its holder (Baldick 34). Shamanism is comprehended by some individuals to be a prehistoric form of religio-magic or religion practiced by the aboriginals of the northern part of Asia and by all other aboriginals in other areas of the globe (Kehoe 56). This view is held by Kharuzin, Mikhailowski, as well as other Russian scholars (Kehoe 56). Others argue that Shamanism was merely one form of religious expression of the cult of the northern part of

The South was not in an economic position to wage a successful war Essay

The South was not in an economic position to wage a successful war. Thoroughly explain why they were not and judge if you think this had an impact on the overall course of the war - Essay Example Southerners even avoided participation in industrial revolution which was welcomed and accepted by the Northern regions. The industries and the economy of the North was quite diversified in nature as they were involved in the production of both finished as well as agricultural goods. Due to developed factories and industries, the North was able to develop arms and ammunition required to wage a war. The South was even dependant on the North for finished goods and when the war started, the south realized that they lacked the resources needed to fight the war and their current sources of earning wealth were not properly structured (Millett, 2012, p.18). South even experienced decrease in income as the importers of cotton such as the Great Britain started importing from other nations such as India in order to remain neutral to both the North and the South. This event clearly proves that the South did not have the money required to fight the

Puritans, Max Weber Essay Example for Free

Puritans, Max Weber Essay 1.Explain: Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England. Puritans were people who wanted to get rid of things that were not stated by Jesus Christ or by the Bible. They rejected decisions and traditions established by the Church (i.e. people). Examples: paintings of God and Jesus, rich ornaments and dà ©cor, hierarchy in Church, selling pardons. They also thought that the temples should be smaller and not so monumental. Puritans’ beliefs were a threat to the hierarchy and wealth of the English Church, so they were persecuted and unwelcome in there. They had to look for a place they could live the way they wanted. 2.Describe the Puritans who set sail to America in 1620. Majority of Puritans who set sail to America on Mayflower in 1620 was well-educated and belonged to upper middle class (they were rather rich). Those people couldn’t worship God according to their beliefs because their religion was a threat to the Church of England. Puritans were constantly persecuted and they left to Netherlands, and then to Virginia in Noth America. Their trip resembled Exodus to the promised land. Puritans called themselves Pilgrims, because it was a pilgrimage to the new world where they hoped to be free and to establish the Church there. 3.The literary genres Puritans practiced and did not practice. 4.Explain the notion of predestination and how Puritans shaped they lives according to it. Puritans believed that they don’t have any influence on whether they will go to heaven or to hell. They believe that God knows it before they are born and they can do nothing about it. (There is a paradox of free-will - although one may be a good person, he/she can still go to hell.) God may change his mind, but people cannot do anything. For Puritans, the fact that someone is rich and successful means that this person may be predestined, so they work even harder and look for success, hoping that maybe this would be a sign of their predestination. 5.What biblical events did the first Puritans in America draw parallels to? Puritans considered themselves to be like pilgrims to the Promised Land, like Jews running from Egypt to Israel. As they wanted to establish a Church they considered it to be a mission. 6.How did Max Weber compare Protestants and Catholics in terms of the notions of hard work and calling? According to Max Weber, Catholics believe that the hard work is their way to salvation. People have to work hard to be good people. Protestants, on the other hand, believe that they should work hard because it is their duty, as this is God’s will and it is useful for the whole country and society. For them it a kind of vocation. Every Protestant feels the vocation to work and to worship God (Everyone has his own mission in life – there have to be poor farmers and rich lawyers – this is God’s will and it is completely normal.) In case of Catholicism, only priests feel the vocation to serve God. 7.Explain how Max Weber analyzed in his discussion of Protestant ethics the notions of work, investment, charity, waste. Work– every Puritan has a vocation to work. It is a duty and God’s will. Work is useful for the whole society; thanks to work we make our community better. â€Å"Not leisure and enjoyment, but only activity serves to increase the glory of God, according to the definite manifestations of His will† Investment  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ If someone has money and is successful in business, it means that he is in God’s favor. Money should be multiplied not wasted and spent on unimportant things as luxuries and amusement. Charity– if someone needs charity it means that he is a beggar. If someone doesn’t work – he sins and offends God, as it is a duty to work. Supporting charity means supporting offending God. WASTE – waste of time is the worst and the deadliest sin. â€Å"Not leisure and enjoyment, but only activity serves to increase the glory of God, according to the definite manifestations of His will† – only hard work praises God an d any other activity is a waste. 8.What did a Puritan sermon look like (use in particular Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God). In the 18th and 19th centuries during the Great Awakening, major sermons were made at revivals, which were especially popular in the United States. These sermons were noted for their fire-and-brimstone message, typified by Jonathan Edwardss famous Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God speech. In these sermons the wrath of God was clearly one to be afraid of, although fear was not the message Edwards was trying to convey in his sermons, he was simply trying to tell the people that they could be forgiven for their sins. It combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of scripture.

The Diversification of America Essay Example for Free

The Diversification of America Essay The commentary: â€Å"Culturally and ethnically, America is now one of the most diverse members of the global village. This remarkable pluralism is transforming Americans’ inherited values and institutions faster than they can adapt to the consequences. Globalization is propelling this country toward an era of conflict and upheaval-and that is precisely what makes Americans such a good reference point for other societies where time-honored traditions are also collapsing. † is an appropriate observation to the current situation. However, it is with all hope, as diversity and multiculturalism are unavoidable, that society finds a â€Å"broader sense of we† (Putnam, 2007) and creates a new identity that combines all cultural heritage into one harmonious blend. Multicultural Origins The United States has always been multicultural. The country was built by immigrants. The first African Americans came in, although forcibly, in 1619. During the mid-19th century railroad constructions, Chinese immigrants came in to the country as workers. Many Mexicans were still living in previous Mexican territories taken over by the United States in 1848. Especially with the United States rise in power and wealth, it is no surprise that more and more people wanted to enter and live in the country. Today, people of different colors comprise the majority in many large cities and in the state of California (PRA, 2002). Difficulty of Assimilation It took centuries before an African American was elected president and demonstrate a sense of equality in society from their beginnings in slavery and segregation. Many Mexican immigrants living in the country today cannot speak fluent English. Racial stereotypes also hinder benevolent assimilation. Assimilation versus Multiculturalism In today’s age of individualism and self expression, the trend is more towards multiculturalism than assimilation. Instead of assimilating to existing norms and traditions, immigrants bring in their own, fostering the value of pride for their heritage. Even their own holidays are celebrated nationally like the Irish’s St. Patrick’s Day and the Mexican’s Cinco de Mayo. Certain ethnic groups also exist, for example the Amish and Hassidic Jews, who have attempted to preserve their unique cultures by resisting assimilation, while living peacefully alongside other communities (PRA, 2002). Evolution of Language The different ethnicities bring in their own language, assemble their own communities where they can talk freely in their native tongue, diminishing the need to learn English. Even when they do, they bring in their own accent, jargon and additions to the language, in a way making their own version e. g. ghetto speak, double-negatives. As a result, English speakers are the ones to adjust. Even in some states, the inability to speak Spanish is a disadvantage as some employment need communication with both Spanish and English speakers. Instead of English being able to bring together different ethnicity and help bridge diversity, the purely English-speaking Americans are the ones to feel like the foreigner in their own country. The Neighborly Attitude Gone are the days of bringing freshly baked pies to the doorsteps of a new neighbor. In ethnically diverse neighborhoods, Putnam found that people are less likely to trust each other: not only people of a different ethnicity or race but more so their own (Leo, 2007). People tend to keep to themselves and are less likely to make friends and less likely for community cooperation. This is not just a marginal issue but a mainstream one. It does not just affect certain ethnic groups but the whole country. More and more, people become isolated in their own homes and know very little about the families just living next door. Constructing A New Identity To diminish the negative effects of unavoidable increase in immigration and diversity, a new identity must be constructed. Some say that contact with others increase tolerance and social solidarity. On the contrary, some say that contact with others make one group stick to their own more, hence the trend of self segregation, where people of the same race move in one place creating their own homogenous community. It is a likely attempt to resist diversity instead of adjusting to it, highlighting more the differences between cultures, thus increasing the gap instead of bridging it leading to social deterioration which nobody benefits from. A successful society would be one that is able to seamlessly fuse its disparate parts into one new entity. However the era of multiculturalism poses a great challenge to this. Cultural Diversity in British Cultural Institutions Another example of society feeling the effects of diversity is that of the British culture, particularly their cultural institutions. The old cultural elite’s idea of â€Å"proper culture† is being revised by multiculturalism. British history and Shakespeare are being replaced by Sikh theater and exhibitions about immigrant histories (Appleton, 2004). Conclusion Cultural and ethnical diversity happen in most advanced countries where people want to migrate to. Particularly in the United States, considered the superpower of the world, diversity has been rampant with the sharp increase in immigration, especially in recent years and people had a confused way of dealing with it. There had been self-segregation, diminished community cooperation and neighborliness, language barriers and the general inflexibility of adapting to each other. Even experts like political scientist Robert Putnam do not paint a good picture. He found that ethnic diversity tend to reduce social solidarity and social capital. However difficult it may be, as in the example of African Americans, the fragmentation has to be overcome to create a successful new society by crossing the boundaries, breaking the walls, bridging the gap and merging into one. References Appleton, J. (2004, April 7). Art for Inclusion’s Sake. Spiked Essays. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from http://www. spiked-online.com/Articles/0000000CA4BC. htm Leo, J. (25 June 2007). Bowling With Our Own. City Journal. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from http://www. city-journal. org/html/eon2007-06-25jl. html Political Research Associates. (2002). Immigration and Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Diversity. Retrieved April 16, 2009, from http://www. publiceye. org/ark/immigrants/CulturalDiv. html Putnam, R. D. (2007). E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-first Century The 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture. Scandinavian Political Studies, 30. 2, 137-174.

Case Study Eastman Sports Cars Management Essay

Case Study Eastman Sports Cars Management Essay First, to answer the case study about Eastman Cars Sports Ltd. This will be done by identifying issues relating to LD within this company. Secondly, to propose solution in connection to LD aiming at improving both the performance and the workplace at Eastman cars Finally, this report will try as much as possible to predict potentials barriers to face in the process of introducing LD strategies. 2.0 Issues identified with proposition regarding LD After readiing the case study, I discovered that the company is so antiquated that they are not worth functionable. According to the case study staff have lack of limited resources. This means that the leaders in the company have rigid culture and negative mindset of managers. I therefore encountered numerous problems that the organisation is facing, these were: The company was sort of having a unilateral decision making managing director Lack of communication Lack of Management system and style of leadership Lack of technology and training Lack of human resource management Health and safety system wasnt put in place Low staff morale All these had an extremely negative effect on the company performance and infastructure. And I consider this as a bad aspect of a stituaton where the leaders should guide and inspire the team, but the issues I would like to discuss is the following: 2.1 Communication within the organization Problems occurring within business can easily be solved through teamwork discussions. Teamwork discussions refer to internal meeting held within organizations comprising of staff from various organizational departments. According to business professionals, effective communication within company acts as a major factor that leads to its development (Thetimes100, 1995-2009). Eastman requires having effective internal communication for it to succeed. This is as it will help in effective flow of information within the company thus helping each department carry out its respective responsibilities smoothly. However, communication may prove to be complicated for the company due to each department having its own mannerism, biases and capabilities. On the other hand most of the information to be conveyed to the departments will be intended for particular groups. Therefore the company need to take great attention on information intended for particular groups. Eastman Company has various groups ranging from formal to informal. Formal groups are those that have been assigned vital roles by Eastman Company and are established by the management which includes sales department, managers, administrators and accounting staffs. As these departments are allocated in different sites within the company, there is great need for information flow within them to be ensured for Eastman to attain its goals and objectives (Susan, 2009, p 1-3). Employee relation with their supervisors can go far in helping or hampering the attainment of organizational goals. Workforce, being the ones involved in day to day operation of the company, may identify various areas within the company that requires to be improved. If supervisors within Eastman prove hard to deal with, employees might opt to continue operating the company without reporting any hitch that occurs within the company. This would lead to the company not attaining its goals. In most cases, companies crumble due to poor relationship between managers and employees (David, 2009, p. 5). With some employees in Eastman admitting that some equipment are poorly managed within the company but they cannot help it as their supervisor is not willing to listen to their suggestions, it implies that the company is likely to collapse. Good relationship between employees and their managers would improve employee motivation leading to increase in their productivity. There is great need for Eastman supervisors to ensure that they are always ready to listen to employees opinions and work on them accordingly. Commending employees whenever they have done well will also help in improving their morale. In most cases, supervisors try to look for the negative deeds that their subjects commit forgetting about the many good things they do (Andrew, 2009, p. 2-4). It is the duty of supervisors to listen to what their subordinates tell them. This does not mean that they agree with all that is said by their subordinates. Sometimes, employees being the ones carrying out the daily operations of the company may have ideas on how to improve some of the processes within the company such as development of the cars bodies. Failure to listen to employees opinion is what is leading to the growth of dont care attitude among staffs within Eastman company. If not dealt with urgently, it would lead to the company incurring a lot of expenses in purchasing and repairing damaged equipments. In practice therefore Eastman should arrange and encourage the departments in looking after employees interest. From this mayo (1980-1949) suggest that employees are motivated when there is a better communication between managers and workers. He also concluded there should be a greater management involvement. It is manager requirement to educate, influence, motivate and lear n to approach his employees. 2.2 Lack of technology / Training With increased development in technology, business organizations need to regularly conduct training to their staffs to improve their productivity. Bearing in mind that Eastman only conducts only technical training to its staff when they are employed, the company requires to conduct training to it staffs. To conduct effective employee training and development, Eastman requires being aware of all changes that will result from the training. For it to maintain its competitive power in the market, it needs to impart new knowledge within its employees and not rely on what employees already know. Continuous employee training and education has proved to be a key factor in improving organization performance. In conducting the training, Eastman need to encourage creativeness among the staffs as it is the major element that will lead to the company gaining competitive advantage in the market. Training will help in introducing new inventions within the company making it more unique from its comp etitors (James, 2009, p.2-4). In todays business environment, the only way for a company to survive is to be innovative. This depends entirely on the level of training being conducted within a company. It does not imply that Eastman has to go out looking for means to impart knowledge on its staffs. If knowledge does not bring positive changes to the company it is as good as when the staffs are not trained as the company will incur unnecessary expenses. Eastman needs to ensure that it has harmonized its training with its needs, goals and the goals of its staffs. Business training has been faced with opposition from managers who perceive it as expensive and time wasting. Some claims that training is not fruitful while others term it as for young people who get in companies without knowledge. Eastman managing director may see as if conducting staff training is expensive but failure to conduct the training would prove even more expensive. Studies have shown that empowering employees through training and development h as great impact than investing in machineries and other physical resources (Patrick and Bruce, 2000, p.225). Its essential that Eastman supervisor ensure all employees are not exposed to exploitation in case they fail to undergo the training. Some companies use training to scare employees by threatening to sack them in case they fail to complete the training successfully. Instead, LD should be used to add value to the organisation and not the reverse. Clear goals are necessary for an organisation before it embarks on training of workers. If the company goes into training without clear goals of the values that need to be added to the company, such an organisation is courting failure. Eastman Sports Cars needs clear objectives for training the workers. Learning and development requires resources. An organisation must set aside resources to be used in training workers. The amount will depend on the kind of training they need. The learning resources must be easily accessible to the workers. They should be of high quality and cost effective. The cost of training should not be very high such that it hinders the smooth running of the organisation. Eastman Sports Car has not been doing very well lately and cost of training workers needs careful consideration. In addition, be timely and relevant to the learning needs of the workers. More importantly, training intervention should provide value for money (Thomas and Ploman, 1986, p. 64). The barriers that are likely to be encountered are lack of enough funds to finance the training. Time is also a barrier to training this is because some workers may have little spare time on their hands to attend classes. They may also be free at unusual hours (Thorne and Mackey, 2007,p.39). Accessibility is another challenge some sources may not be accessible to workers and the quality may not be satisfactory such that at the end of training the individuals gain very little to help them improve their skills. Lack of proper communication also leads to inadequate information and advice. (Sandler, 2007, p. 93). Lack of management support is another barrier to LD due to Mr Eastmans lack of interest for training. 3.0 Conclusion Whereas every employee in Eastman performs a specific task, the company can initiate cross training. This is where employees are trained on various jobs to ensure regular operations within the company. If an employees job cease to exist in the company or one department happen to require more staffs, staffs can be transferred to this department without the need for Eastman to employ new staff. This can also assist in expanding companys capacities without having to recruit new staffs. For instance, cross training has been said to be secrete behind the success of Toyota automaker in Japan. Another type of training that can be productive in Eastman is the just-in-time training. This is where employees are trained when need arise to meet the required skills. These training can be conducted at work place and requires short time hence not expensive for the company (VemiĆ¡, 2007, p. 209-216). There are many issues in learning and development such as strategies, intervention and res ources. In addition, during learning and development the barriers may arise. However, the barriers can be overcome. Thus, the company achieves its objectives in learning and development. 4.0 Recommendations I recommend that the managers in Eastman should identify and promote learning and development. The company can do this through personal interviews of the workers. The company can also look at its priorities and match them against the individual needs (Thorne and Mackey 2007, p. 16). Once the needs identification is through the company should provide a solution to the needs. The solution comes in for of training or learning. The company develops and delivers the most appropriate learning to meet the need. During this stage, the company works with external experts on the subject matter to design learning packages. The learning can take various forms for instance the course can be computer-based, paper-based, work experience, structured activities or self-paced activities. The learning resources must be easily accessible to the workers. They should be of high quality and cost effective. Further recommendations include the following: The company should avail funds to train workers. Incentives can also be given to the workers who commit to training. The employer can give them subsidies. The leaders should consider In determining the most appropriate style of leadership in the work place which includes: the characteristics of the manager, personality, attitude, abilities, value system and the personal credibility of managers( mullins, 2007, p 390) The type and nature of the organisation, organisation culture, and different stages in innovation and development. I completely recommend the managing director (Kayleigh) to act as a coach and a mentor to the organisation. Employers have the right skills to support the success of their businessess, and individuals have the skills they need to be both employable and personally fulfilled (Harrison, 2005, p.26). The learning and development plan should be meaningful to the workers by linking skills to be learnt with the company objectives. The company should allow worker time flexibility during the course period. The company can assist in developing part-time learning as well as distance learning. The trainers should also train the workers at the workplace to save on time spent on travel. The company should conduct background check on the trainers to ensure that the relevant authority accredits them. The company should stick to high quality training standards to give the workers high quality learning. Communication between the workers and leaders should be improved so that information is passed upwards or downwards effectively. Evaluation should be on learning and development after training to see the value of the training packages.

The Pride of Sophocles Oedipus The King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oe

The Pride of Sophocles' Oedipus The King      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greek tragedy is characterized by the emotional catharsis brought about by the horrific suffering of a heroic figure. In Oedipus The King, by Sophocles, the onslaught of pain assailing the protagonist is a result of his tragic flaw. Sophocles often used a characters hamartia to alter or influence the outcome or future of the hero. Oedipus' hubris traps him to fulfil the oracle and intensifies his punishment.    Oedipus' pride is an innate characteristic. Even before his glory and power as King of Thebes he allowed his conceit to cloud his judgement and rule his actions. Unknowingly, Oedipus fulfills Apollo's oracle when he encounters a band of men at a crossroad. The driver offends Oedipus as he brushes by, inciting Oedipus' anger. Although the contact is just a slight intrusion, Oedipus, outraged that someone would have the gall to trouble him "paid them back with interest" and "killed everyone of them, every mother's son". In hindsight as he recounts the incident to Jocasta he is not remorseful for the loss of life nor for his part in the crime.   Instead, Oedipus' tone is one of satisfaction that he got revenge. Had his arrogance not interfered, Oedipus would not have made the rash decision to kill all of the party and would not have satisfied the prophecy.      Oedipus' self-confidence blinds him to the impossibility evading fate predestined by the gods. Dramatic irony is present when Oedipus tries to skirt the horrible prophecy of him killing his father and coupling with his mother, because in fleeing Corinth to avoid murdering Polybus, he is taking steps that will realize the prophecy. Again his overconfidence contributes to the impending doom; in believing t... ...o torture the shepherd, "So you won't talk willingly - then you'll talk with pain".   Oedipus' cruelty indeed literally squeezes his own demise out of the shepherd: "You're a dead man is I have to ask again".   Again, Oedipus is blind to the subtle hints the shepherd leaves for Oedipus to decipher.   Until now, Oedipus's pride has blinded him from the truth and from seeing other's intentions; he has been stubborn.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When isolated, each of these events may be excused as a simple mistake, but a pattern emerges when viewed as a whole.   The tragic outcome of Oedipus' life is caused by his underlying character flaw - pride.   However, Oedipus is a tragic hero because he becomes aware of his fault and accepts responsibility for his actions.    Works Cited Sophocles.   The Three Theban Plays (pp.159-251). Penguin Classics.New York, New York:1984. The Pride of Sophocles' Oedipus The King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oe The Pride of Sophocles' Oedipus The King      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Greek tragedy is characterized by the emotional catharsis brought about by the horrific suffering of a heroic figure. In Oedipus The King, by Sophocles, the onslaught of pain assailing the protagonist is a result of his tragic flaw. Sophocles often used a characters hamartia to alter or influence the outcome or future of the hero. Oedipus' hubris traps him to fulfil the oracle and intensifies his punishment.    Oedipus' pride is an innate characteristic. Even before his glory and power as King of Thebes he allowed his conceit to cloud his judgement and rule his actions. Unknowingly, Oedipus fulfills Apollo's oracle when he encounters a band of men at a crossroad. The driver offends Oedipus as he brushes by, inciting Oedipus' anger. Although the contact is just a slight intrusion, Oedipus, outraged that someone would have the gall to trouble him "paid them back with interest" and "killed everyone of them, every mother's son". In hindsight as he recounts the incident to Jocasta he is not remorseful for the loss of life nor for his part in the crime.   Instead, Oedipus' tone is one of satisfaction that he got revenge. Had his arrogance not interfered, Oedipus would not have made the rash decision to kill all of the party and would not have satisfied the prophecy.      Oedipus' self-confidence blinds him to the impossibility evading fate predestined by the gods. Dramatic irony is present when Oedipus tries to skirt the horrible prophecy of him killing his father and coupling with his mother, because in fleeing Corinth to avoid murdering Polybus, he is taking steps that will realize the prophecy. Again his overconfidence contributes to the impending doom; in believing t... ...o torture the shepherd, "So you won't talk willingly - then you'll talk with pain".   Oedipus' cruelty indeed literally squeezes his own demise out of the shepherd: "You're a dead man is I have to ask again".   Again, Oedipus is blind to the subtle hints the shepherd leaves for Oedipus to decipher.   Until now, Oedipus's pride has blinded him from the truth and from seeing other's intentions; he has been stubborn.        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When isolated, each of these events may be excused as a simple mistake, but a pattern emerges when viewed as a whole.   The tragic outcome of Oedipus' life is caused by his underlying character flaw - pride.   However, Oedipus is a tragic hero because he becomes aware of his fault and accepts responsibility for his actions.    Works Cited Sophocles.   The Three Theban Plays (pp.159-251). Penguin Classics.New York, New York:1984.

Mathematical Impacts :: essays research papers

Mathematical Impacts The art of mathematics is an intrinsic part of the many physical sciences which humanity strives to learn; it began as a way to explain the celestial guides, which became the science of astronomy and astrophysics. This essay will explain the use of math in astronomy, chemistry, physics, and their relation. The study of astronomy is the oldest of the physical sciences it began as an inspiration. For the purpose of this essay, the study will begin with the ancient’s knowledge of this science. They had many different views on how those nocturnal guides worked. Many of these civilizations studied their arrival and departure along with the weather to understand their own existence. Humboldt (1849) stated, â€Å"Physical laws depend upon mean numerical values; which shows us the constant amid change.† This change was the foundation of time, time that would assist in measuring and explaining how those guides work. Boorstin (1985) explains that, â€Å"The first grand discovery was time, the landscape of experience.† He went further with his explanation of how important it was for humans to measure time, if it had been simple, humans would have, â€Å"lacked the incentive to study the heavens and to become mathematicians.† With the use of this curiosity, humans searc hed and learned how they worked. Math had made it possible to understand this aspect of the cosmos, yet there were some differences on how they really worked. The Greeks were the first to â€Å"propose explanations for the motions of astronomical objects that relied on logic and geometry† Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, and Voit (2004). Math, helped explain, and defy the beliefs held for many years. The Greeks created a geocentric model, which places the earth in the center of the universe. This was attributed, to Thales (c. 624-546 B.C.), which many other Greeks held to be true even after another Greek named Aristarchus (c. 310-230 B.C.) â€Å"Suggested that the Earth goes around the Sun, a view that ultimately prevailed, but until almost 2,000 years later† Bennett, Donahue, Schneider, and Voit (2004). With all of this in mind, the mathematicians who followed these great men of genius will utilize the ideas and mathematical equations in search of the truth. It is important to understand that in order for these new discoveries be found, the evolution of logic, math, and other sciences, which derived from the mathematical ideals of the past. To put it in a better perspective of how these evolutions helped these advancements, it is important to understand that before the discovery of the telescope, calculations and logical premises made the old discoveries.

Corporate Governance Is The System By Which Companies Are Directed And Controlled Accounting Essay

The first version of the UK Code on Corporate Governance was produced in 1992 by the Cadbury Committee. The authoritative definition of Corporate Governance in the context of the Code: ‘Corporate administration is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. Boardss of managers are responsible for the administration of their companies. The stockholders ‘ function in administration is to name the managers and the hearers and to fulfill themselves that an appropriate administration construction is in topographic point. The duties of the board include puting the company ‘s strategic purposes, supplying the leading to set them into consequence, oversing the direction of the concern and coverage to stockholders on their stewardship. The board ‘s actions are capable to Torahs, ordinances and the stockholders in general meeting. ‘ The board of managers leads and controls a company and hence an effectual board is the cardinal to the success of the company. The Department of Trade and Industry ( 2004 ) agreed that effectual boards are as much concerned with public presentation as with conformity in run intoing the demands of company jurisprudence and using the rules and commissariats of the Combined Code. However, the UK Corporate Governance Code ( 2008 ) concluded a similar standard as Combined Code ( 2004 ) on board effectivity. ‘Firstly, there should be a formal, strict and crystalline process for the assignment of new managers to the board. Second, all managers should be able to apportion sufficient clip to the company to dispatch their duties efficaciously. Third, all managers should have initiation on fall ining the board and should regularly update and review their accomplishments and cognition. The board should be supplied in a timely mode with information in a signifier and of a quality appropriate to enable it to dispatch its responsibilities. Fourthly, the board should set about a formal and strict one-year rating of its ain public presentation and that of its commissions and single managers. Last, all managers should be submitted for re-election at regular intervals, capable to continued satisfactory performance. ‘ The UK Code on Corporate Governance ( 2010 ) besides stated that the intent of corporate administration is to ease effectual, entrepreneurial and prudent direction that can present the long-run success of the company. Good Administration has ever association with success companies and would assist companies pull investing capital. The apprehension of corporate administration that the work of Cadbury Committee insisted: ‘The state ‘s economic system depends on the thrust and efficiency of its companies. Therefore the effectivity with which boards discharge their duties determines Britain ‘s competitory place. ‘ ( Cadbury, 1992 ) Furthermore, the Cadbury Committee emphasized the freedom driven within a model of effectual answerability, which is the kernel of any system of good corporate administration ( Cadbury, 1992 ) . There is an increasing realisation the higher criterions of corporate administration are non merely necessary to guarantee answerability, but b esides to positively better corporate public presentation ( Clarke, 2007 ) . More sophisticated methodological analysiss are now being applied with more promising consequences, with ‘an increasing organic structure of finance literature proposing companies with superior administration offer better comparative investing public presentation or lower investing hazard ‘ ( Clarke, 2007 ) . Clarke ( 2007 ) found that the board of managers is the fulcrum of corporate administration: the critical link in which the lucks of the company are decided. Stiles and Taylor indicated the same point of view in 2001: ‘The board is the nexus between the stockholders of the steadfast to-day operations of the organisation ‘ .The effectivity of non-executive managersCorporate administration has become a heated-discussed subject in developed economic systems late as a consequence of widespread failures of the planetary fiscal system ( Shleifer and Vishny, 1997 ) . There is small uncertainty about the primacy of this status as it is normally accepted that a ‘lack of monitoring by independent, disinterested non-executive managers has been a major cause for the assorted corporate dirts that we have witnessed ‘ ( High degree Group of Company Law Experts, 2002 ) . Kakabadse et Al. ( 2010 ) observed that ‘the struggle of involvement that occurs by holding a board dwelling about wholly of insider executive managers means that independent rating of company determinations is earnestly compromised ‘ . In the point of position, lawfully, the foreigner non-executive managers, who are expected to dispatch the responsibilities of trueness, attention and good concern judgement, are every bit responsible for the direction of the corporation ( Lorsch and Maclver, 1989 ) . On the other manus, practically, Weimer and Pape ( 1999 ) suggest that the non-executive managers advise the inside executive managers on a major policy determinations while bearing the involvements of stockholders. In the facet of Agency theory, it assumes that the presence of independent non-executive managers on the company boards should assist to supervise direction on behalf of stockholders by presenting an independent voice in the council chamber ( Solomon, 2010 ) . It would cut down the ill-famed struggles of involvement between stockholders and direction. So, an independ ent board needed to be created both competent and free from prejudice. Harmonizing to Firth et Al ‘s research findings in 2007, boards with a big proportion of non-executive managers are more likely to implement performance-related wage strategies. They conclude that the independent non-executive managers help to aline the involvements of stockholders and the CEO via the compensation of CEO. However, the non-executive managers have non escaped unfavorable judgment during the planetary fiscal crisis. Burgess ( 2009 ) observed that ‘the quality of former non-executive managers in RBS has been questioned as many of them had limited banking experience and could barely be regarded as independent, peculiarly when the bank had a really powerful CEO doing it hard for the non-executive managers to stand up to him ‘ . In the recent research findings, Lawler and Finegold ( 2005 ) revealed that there are no important relationships between board effectivity and the pattern of holding a non-executive chair or that of holding an independent individual functioning as a leader. It indicates that a good functioning corporate administration system is more than merely seting a construction in topographic point. Although the jurisprudence puting the regulations of board responsibilities, it still have a big portion of the existent administration and control of corporations occurs that non written into Torahs. It would be utile to hold an equal apprehension of agent or direction motive and behavior within a corporate scene ( Marnet, 2007 ) . It is reported in the 6th International Conference on Corporate Governance and Board Leadership ( 2003 ) that on the footing of in-depth interviews with 60 board members of Belgian listed companies, the managers were asked to sum up what they believe are elements of a good board of managers. The quality of the board meetings and board composings are two most important elements of a good board of managers. A good manager must fix the information good including the information and format before the meeting. Besides managers must demo involvement in what the company and its concern units are making. Furthermore, the quality of treatments or arguments is important for an effectual board meeting. Each manager should hold an chance to talk up freely and lend in the meeting. Berghe and Levrau ( 2005 ) said that the board of managers must be critical but to continue a comfy and constructive clime during the board meeting. The study besides emphasizes the determinations made by board of manag ers may non be dominated by direction or stockholders. It should be considered good and might look on the board agenda more than one time. On the other manus, the function of board of managers is, as one manager explained, â€Å" We need to be able to see the present, whilst maintaining an oculus on the hereafter † . An effectual board of managers must hold the bravery to take hazards. Furthermore, supervising and control is a 2nd function of boards. They should purely supervise the development of the results, and confront these with the fiscal programs. Most of the recent codifications strengthen the independency of board. On the one manus, they adopt an addition in the proportion of independent managers on the board. On the other manus, they advocate a more extended and restrictive definition of independency. That is to state, most of concerns express a strong belief of independency that has potency to forestall future dirts. However, manager ‘s independency is non plenty. In-depth analysis of the corporate dirts at Enron, WorldCom and others has revealed that the happening of struggles of involvement throughout the concatenation of monitoring was one of the cardinal issues in those prostrations. ‘Not merely at board or corporate degree, but besides at the degree of the external proctors struggles of involvement seemed to hold flourished, taking to state of affairss wherein the personal involvements of the parties involved prevailed over corporate and societal involvements ‘ ( Van den Berghe and Baelden, 2003 ) . The dirts have demonstrated that good administration will non come by composing codifications of best pattern and supervising the formal application of these recommendations. Some of these companies complied with all the necessary ordinances, but yet, it went incorrect. In fact, there are a batch of corporate administration advocators who province the sentiment that an independent manager should non merely happen himself officially in the right place, but needs besides †something more † than the features determined in the corporate administration codifications and recommendations ( Berghe and Baelden, 2005 ) .Director ‘s TrainingThe Tyson Report on the Recruitment and Development of non-executive Directors in 2003 provinces that as non-executive managers ‘ duties and liabilities addition, companies should put more in preparation. Companies that score high Markss on studies of good corporate administration normally devote considerable clip to developing their non-executive managers. The Combined Code ( 2008 ) considered the information and professional development as an indispensable requirement for managers. The chief rule observed that ‘all managers should have initiation on fall ining the board and should regularly update and review their accomplishments and cognition ‘ . It is suggested in the Combined Code ( 2008 ) that ‘the managers should continually update their accomplishments the cognition and acquaintance with the company required to carry through their function both on the board and on board commissions ‘ . On the other manus, the company should supply the necessary resources for developing and updating the manager ‘s cognition and capablenesss. In the Code Provisions, it is suggested that the president should supply the new managers a ‘full formal and tailored ‘ initiation when they join the board. The company still needs to offer an chance for major stockholders to run into the new non-executive manager. The Institute of Directors ( 2009 ) discovered that the effectivity of freshly appointed non-executive managers should be improved by rapidly constructing their cognition of the organisation. The organisation should supply an initiation for those non-executive managers help them cognize where they can utilize the accomplishments and experience they have gained elsewhere for the benefit of the company. In the Review of the Role and Responsibilities of Non-Executive Directors, Derek Higgs ( 2003 ) recommends that a comprehensive, formal and trim initiation should ever be provided to new non-executive managers to guarantee an early part to the board. Basically, non-executive managers will already hold relevant accomplishments, cognition, experience and abilities. However, widening and reviewing their cognition and accomplishments will add to their credibleness and effectivity in the council chamber ( IoD, 2009 ) . The David Walker ‘s 2nd study with fiscal recommendation in December 2009 recognized the importance of larning lesA ­sons from the prostration of the Bankss, while at the same clip admiting the deficiency of grounds presently available as to the overall effectivity of non-executive managers on boards. The study is much made of the demand for behavioral alteration with an accent on the civilization within the council chamber and the importance of constructive challenge of the manageA ­ment. One of the of import proposals concerned with the initiation, preparation and the development of non-executive managers. However, the function of a manager peculiarly that independent non-executive manager is fundamenA ­tally different to that of a senior operational director from whose ranks most non-executives are recruited. The function requires a holistic position of the organisation, non merely one specific functional country. Edward Walker-Arnott ( 2010 ) observed ‘non-execu tives require an expressed grasp of their typical function as administration histrions, including their responsibility to rigorously challenge and measure the competency of the executive squad on behalf of stockholders ‘ . This position may non come of course to many managers as they make the passage from executive to non-executive functions. Walker-Arnott ( 2010 ) besides implied that independent non-executive managers as a distinguishable professional grouping could benA ­efit from specifying themselves. The peculiar group of managers would integrate approA ­priate director-level preparation. It would besides advance values of independency, challenge, and public service amongst its practicians. It is possible to hold an external initiation procedure that non-execA ­utive managers were to the full acknowledged of their administration duties, including their legal responsibilities and the outlooks of stockholders and other stakeholders. For new reachings, the quality of the initiation procedure is critical. It needs to give managers an ‘early feel ‘ for the concern and an apprehension of the issues they are likely to be covering with whilst, in the interim, giving them an early chance to do a positive part and add value to the board ( DTI, 2004 ) . A high quality executive squad will non digest the managers for a long clip in footings of board kineticss therefore it is important for new non-executives to catch up the measure every bit rapidly as possible. ICI ‘s attack gives us an illustration of the successful application on initiation procedure. Peter Ellwood, Chairman of ICI, believes that a proper initiation procedure for new managers makes sound commercial sense: ‘The Board is jointly responsible for the success of the Company. The relentless hunt for universe category public presentation must get down within the Boardroom. To work optimally, non-executive managers need to truly understa nd non merely the concern but besides their personal and corporate duties. They have to hold a feel for the company, non merely turn up to meetings. We are looking for them to hold an apprehension of what drives the concern and how they personally can do an effectual part ‘ . In pattern, at ICI, the procedure of initiation is designed to suit for both single and the specific spreads in their cognition or experience. For illustration, the initiation arranges new managers to run into as many people in the company as they can, across the sections such HR, Finance every bit good as out in the field. They are advised to hold a travel to admit to the concern and will go on to make this throughout their clip on the board. The ICI thought it is of import for new managers whether they are maintaining up to rush. ‘Each new manager has a formal initiation session led by the Company Secretary, augmented by the Assistant Secretary and person at a senior degree with a good trade of co mpany experience, explicating the issues for ICI ‘ ( DTI, 2004 ) . The Sessionss chiefly covered such as Risk, Regulation and Practice, including fiducial responsibilities, responsibilities of attention and diligence, how the board is managed, what makes an effectual board, the Combined Code and other ordinances. New managers become more effectual as subscribers more rapidly. The experience is valuable for new managers. Peter Ellwood is undoubted of the benefits to the concern: ‘It ‘s bottom line common sense to give new managers a thorough initiation. It ‘s non rocket scientific discipline but good pattern, because it means that the people fall ining the board will be more effectual. ‘ He still emphasized the initiation will add new manager ‘s value and do them effectual much more rapidly and use their endowment for benefit of the concern and its stockholders at the beginning. The Boardroom late carried out a study of taking institutional stockho lders in order to inform the development of its personalized development programmes for managers and senior executives ( DTI, 2004 ) . The responses from the stockholders perspective highlight one of the importance is that an effectual initiation procedure with strong support for doing initiation preparation compulsory for new managers.Director ‘s Skills and QualificationsBy and large talking, concern experience is of import for a non-executive manager. However, an effectual board is necessary formed by a assortment of backgrounds. The Higgs Report assumed that ‘the interplay of varied and complementary positions amongst different members of the board can significantly profit board public presentation ‘ . Harmonizing to the premise, non-executive managers would be chosen by different genders, nationality, expertness and experience. The responses from research and audience indicate the grounds that there is a deficit of good people to take on non-executive functions . In some fortunes, the board seems to hold sufficient supply of endowment nevertheless the job is non being good dealt with. It has been suggested that campaigners for non-executive managers is narrow. It is clearly that the company is interested in enrolling the best people for this place. However, it is hard for board to separate the virtues of them without prejudice and subjective judgement. The Higgs research shows that ‘Non-executive managers are typically white males approaching retirement age with old public limited company manager experience. There are less than 20 non-executive managers on FTSE 100 boards under the age of 45. In the telephone study for the Review, seven per cent of non-executive managers were non British, and one per cent was from black and cultural minority groups ‘ . The study still mentioned the proportion of genders in non-executive managers: ‘The really low figure of female non-executive managers is striking in comparing with other professions and with the population of directors in UK companies overall. The labour force study investigates that across the corporate sector as a whole, around 30 per cent of directors overall are female. Merely six per cent of non-executive stations are held by adult females, and there are merely two female presidents in the FTSE 350. However, the diverseness and mix of experience and gender would beneficial for the board in playing an consultative function in determination devising and puting scheme program. With the similar backgrounds non-executive frequently tend to believe in a similar but narrow facet. In add-on, it is reported that in some countries adult females managers tend to be more strongly represented in functions such as human resources, alteration direction and client attention which are non regarded as traditional paths to the board. The enlisting or replacing of the non-executive managers is non merely sing the basic accomplishments and making of single but besides the diverseness and mix background to do board effectivity. On other manus, as the Higgs Review observed, ‘Currently, few executive managers or talented persons merely below board degree sit as non-executive managers in other companies. Of more than 5,000 executive managers in UK listed companies, presently 282 hold a non-executive manager station in a UK listed company. There are many benefits of making so. The company that employs the person on a full-time footing will profit from the single gaining a broader position and developing accomplishments and attributes relevant to any future function as a manager. Conversely, the board of the company having the single benefits from executive experience elsewhere. This encourages the sharing and airing of best pattern. ‘ ( Higgs, 2003 ) In the Tyson Report ( 2003 ) , it is said that main executives of big companies appointed qualified directors to actively nurture non-executive managers ‘ endowment from their â€Å" marzipan † direction ranks to function on their divisional, regional or subordinate boards. The study besides states that head executives besides are willing to promote such persons to accept non-executive managers ‘ places on the boards of non-competitor companies. However, as the duties and liabilities required on non-executive managers addition, the commitment clip of non-executive managers ‘ places augments. Therefore, the main executives are hence likely to go more loath to let their most promising directors to presume them ( Tyson, 2003 ) . In the yesteryear, the directors ‘ endowment has non been traditional beginning of non-executive manager campaigners, whilst the companies on a regular basis claim that people are their valuable plus. It is besides agreed by Higgs ( 2003 ) that the issues dealt with in such countries are of import 1s for the board and that direction roles in such countries encourage accomplishments and property that is extremely relevant to the council chamber. It is reported that merely 20 of the FTSE 250 presently have the human resource map on the board. Afterwards, when the Higgs Review was published, Geoff Armstrong, Director General of the Chartered Institute for Personnel & A ; Development ( CIPD ) said: ‘There is a huge pool of endowment within the human resource profession. Such persons would convey a new dimension to the non-executive function and guarantee that an organisation ‘s cardinal driver of value – viz. its people – is taken earnestly at board degree . They would convey a fresh and much-needed position to the decision-making procedure. ‘ The CIPD believes that human resources professionals could besides convey critical expertness to the wage commission. The Armstrong Institutes observed that ‘Pay and wages is their stock-in-trade – it would do a batch of sense. Equally, choice, initiation, preparation and public presentation direction are countries of expertness which could be applied with value to both executive and non-executive managers ‘ . The Tyson study ( 2003 ) discovered that ‘lawyers and advisers working in consultative functions to concern are another beginning of non-executive manager ‘s endowments as are those who have retired from accounting houses and are no longer restricted from keeping non-executive managers places ‘ . It should be encouraged by professional service houses to allow their senior people accept non-executive assignments. The probe indicates that presently merely 14 per centum of FTSE 100 non-executive managers have accountancy makings and less than three per centum have jurisprudence makings. Furthermore, since adult females are better represented in professional se rvices than in top direction places in the corporate sector, an addition in non-executive managers ‘ assignments from such houses is likely to intend an addition in adult females functioning in non-executive managers places. In a word, the accomplishments and experience of non-executive managers is a valuable plus on companies, which could non merely go more effectiveness through preparation and initiation but besides take a professional consultative function in another companies.DrumheadThe thesis is what makes board effectual. After the dirts at Enron Corp. , Tyco International Ltd, Adelphia Communications Corp. , and WorldCom Inc. before this decennary ( Solomon, 2007 ) , there is a turning involvement in the corporate administration systems of developing and transitional economic systems. The Combined Code ( 2008 ) emphasized that ‘all managers should have initiation on fall ining the board and should regularly update and review their accomplishments and cognition â €˜ which represent one of most important parts of the board effectivity. However, many surveies focus on non-executive managers ‘ independency and pay strategies but non on the initiation programme and accomplishments and making update. Although much of the literature ignores the being of manager initiation programme there is grounds to propose corporate should take more attending on it. In the Higgs study about reappraisal of the function and effectivity of non-executive managers ( 2003 ) , there is an initiation checklist which provides a counsel of initiation. As a standard, the research will look into the initiation programme presenting in the corporate administration of the one-year study. Therefore, the thesis will bridge the spread in the literature by following the Combined Code and other study to analyze whether each company have an eligible initiation programme harmonizing to the standards and been disclosed suitably in the one-year study.

Biographical Analysis of John Mcwhorter

Han Bin Kim Comp II, Class B Assignment 2, Draft 1 February 23, 2013 John McWhorter Interview Over the years I have interviewed a good number of people, but there has never been anyone quite like John McWhorter. Upon reading the article â€Å"The Cosmopolitan Tongue: The Universality of English† as published in the 2009 Fall edition of World Affairs, I found myself delighted by the mellow but powerful tone and the writer who could use it with such ease. Here was a man with brains, consideration, and humor.Lost in my reveries about what McWhorter would be like, I didn’t quite realize that I had somehow dialed his office number until a deep voice filtered through the receiver. â€Å"Yes? McWhorter speaking. † With a tingling sense of nervousness I had forgotten since my rookie days, I introduced myself and asked if he could spare time for a brief interview. He replied, â€Å"Interviews, my dear sir, are rarely brief,† and I could almost hear his smile. There was that brilliant wit which had inspired him to state that there were â€Å"no feminine-gendered tables that talk like Penelope Cruz. (McWhorter, 251) After a turn or two of friendly wrangling, he gently suggested meeting Saturday afternoon at a quiet cafe we both knew. I agreed to the designated rendezvous and, unable to control the temptation, asked, â€Å"How long have you said cafe like that? † The way McWhorter pronounced the word was this: the ‘c’ was sweeter and lighter, in the way Italians and Spaniards speak, and the ‘f’ was said like a soft ‘p’—sounding simply foreign. He said simply, â€Å"Since I was very young. I already knew that he had â€Å"taught himself languages as a hobby since childhood† (McWhorter, 247), and unsatisfied as I was with his answer, I vowed that Saturday would be a new day. On Saturday afternoon I drove down a peaceful country road and walked silently into the cafe. A tall man stood wi th his back to me, gazing out the large French window, and without prologue asked, â€Å"Isn’t that a beautiful poem right in front of us? Anne Shirley said it a century ago, but I’ll take the liberty to repeat it.The lines and verses are only the outward garments of the poem; the real poem is the soul within them†¦ and that beautiful scene is the soul of an unwritten poem. † I smiled quietly at his analytical but sensitive analogy, reminded immediately of his description of the word ‘al— â€Å"an evergreen branch, a word whose final sound is a whistling past the sides of the tongue that sounds like wind passing through just such a branch. † (McWhorter, 247) I later asked him what his childhood nickname had been, and laughing, he confessed that he had most often been called â€Å"poet†.Small wonder for a man who could condense a long, everyday sentence—say, for example, â€Å"there are an innumerable number of books that c ould have summed up to no mean weight†Ã¢â‚¬â€into three pithy, creative, imagery-filled words: â€Å"Bookstore shelves groan. † (McWhorter, 247) He folded his long self into the armchair, crossing his legs, and leaning slightly forward he told me to sit down. As I sat, I remarked, â€Å"You look a great deal like I imagined you to be. † His quiet question and intelligent gaze compelled me to elucidate.I had gathered much of the premises from his writing. The contrasting thoughts â€Å"I hardly rejoice when a language dies† (McWhorter, 247) and â€Å"Would it be inherently evil if there were not 6,000 spoken languages but one? † (McWhorter, 252) could hardly have revealed themselves in a single piece of writing unless the writer was a man of exceptionally precise, cold logic. Thus I had already envisioned the deep-set, handsome eyes that flashed fire from under his brow, and the firmly set mouth. I had also imagined him to be a handsome man, and he was that, too.Humor saved the chin from tapering too sharply, the mouth from being dour: â€Å"Spanish speakers do not go about routinely imagining tables as cooing in feminine tones. † (McWhorter, 249) McWhorter laughed at my analysis, wryly telling me that I should have gone out for professional work in physiognomy, and handed me the menu which the waitress had left by his side. These little considerate actions which I had noticed during the phone call and the three minutes I had met him, inspired me to ask if he had always been so considerate. He looked surprised. I have never thought myself considerate,† he said slowly, â€Å"I am often told that I am too frank with my words. Before I make my opinion on something, I look at it from all perspectives to check that it is perfectly reasonable and logical. But once I make it, I say it without stopping to think if people who think otherwise will be hurt by my words. † I protested. I had already known that he was a considerate person just by reading his article; namely, the welcoming way with which he drew his readers in: â€Å"Most Americans pronounce disgusting as â€Å"diss-kusting† with a k sound. Try it—you probably do too. )† (McWhorter, 248) The tall man leaned back in the armchair and laughed. â€Å"My dear friend, every writer is obligated to welcome his readers. Readers are the laziest species that ever drew breath, and if they don’t feel welcomed, they won’t read. As for being patient in littler things—well, I don’t know if this is very relevant or not, but I read five versions of the Talmud, each one progressively harder, when I was in middle school. I’m pretty sure junior high was when my interest in Hebrew peaked.The Talmud was a pretty good source of linguistic and cultural knowledge, and some of the moral standards made pretty logical sense, so I adopted them as my own. † It was relevant. Being considerate in a gent lemanly way, however, was different from the deferential attitude that McWhorter always took on when dealing with other cultures. More curious was how completely he seemed to understand each language, from its origin to how the people felt about it—â€Å"Native American groups would bristle at the idea that they are no longer meaningfully â€Å"Indian† simply because they no longer speak their ancestral language. (McWhorter, 249) McWhorter looked a trifle annoyed at first, but gradually his well-shaped face took on more complacent, amused lines. â€Å"I am a writer, and I am a linguist,† he said. â€Å"Both have to do with words—their denotation, connotation, nuance, and power. Knowing the power each word can wield automatically inspires you to feel a certain reverence for the English vocabulary in general—I’m sure you’ll agree with me there, sir—and knowing the power each language can wield brings you on your knees before th e altar of all languages. † â€Å"But you don’t worship something you know absolutely nothing about,† he aid, gazing out at the sunlit scene again. â€Å"You first make sure that whatever it is, it is something that deserves to be worshipped. So you study the language. From then on, it’s rather like jumping into a river. Jump into the heart of the current, and you will be swept away like a stray autumn leaf. If you give yourself wholeheartedly up for the language to mold, the culture starts to mold you too. And as for the fact that I feel this way towards all languages,† and here a small frown creased his brow as he turned to me again, â€Å"well, it is a shame that this should be surprising, that is all.Each language has a rich legacy, albeit a legacy very different from our own, and they should be respected. † McWhorter’s eloquence touched me, and we talked for two more hours, vacillating from common everyday things I caught glimpses of from his article to fascinating facts I had never dreamed about him. I learned that he had mastered Socrates’ syllogisms at the age of six and Hegelian dialectics at the age of twelve, and that the value he respected most in humanity was its reason.Judging by the cold shoulder he gave his so beloved minority languages in his concluding paragraph—â€Å"We must consider the question in its pure, logical essence† (McWhorter, 252)—it was hardly surprising. More interesting was the fact that he had no less than four dogs at home, each named after a rare language he had specially enjoyed. The latest addition to the family was a darling slender little Chihuahua named Ket, with triple the uncertain grace of awkwardness found in dogs of his species. In the middle of hearing about Ket’s antics, I asked rather abruptly, â€Å"What art form is your favorite?Modernist? † McWhorter looked at me, surprised. â€Å"How did you guess? † I laughed. McWhorter, for a man of such clear-cut logic, enjoyed impossibilities as far as reality allowed— â€Å"The Ket language of Siberia is so awesomely irregular as to seem a work of art. † (McWhorter, 250) It was only natural that he should enjoy Picasso, whose pictures showed sharper intellectual insight, over David or Michelangelo, whose works were but excellent facsimiles of life’s appearance copied onto canvas and marble.Four hours passed by in the blink of an eye and time came for McWhorter to leave. He stood up and cordially shook my hand. â€Å"It was an honor meeting you, sir, though I dare say the interview was not short. † I shook my head. â€Å"No, it was an excellent interview. Thank you very much, Mr. McWhorter. † â€Å"Please, John,† McWhorter smilingly said. â€Å"If there’s one thing I learned from studying languages, it is that names are the essence of culture. I’ve seen many languages that are creative and fiendi shly difficult and random—but no language is ever simpler than the other.Each has rich names for the things they treasure most. Native Americans sometimes have odd names; did you know that they have to earn it? But in our culture, we place identification foremost—and thanks be, my name is John McWhorter; John for friends and Mr. McWhorter for editors who don’t like my articles. † â€Å"Aren’t there many Johns here? † I teased, laughing, as I pulled on my coat. McWhorter shook his head. â€Å"None like me, John McWhorter,† he smiled, and treaded lightly out the door.